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如何用英语时避免性别?

发布:福州环球雅思学校  点击数:  发布时间:2010-12-7 9:27:45

摘要: 近四十年来,尽管非性别歧视语还没有达到非不可的程度,但它毕竟已进入日常会话和写作的主流之中。随便翻开一张英美的报纸,或瞧一下五花八门的宣传广告,就会发现——supervisor(工
近四十年来,尽管非性别歧视语还没有达到非不可的程度,但它毕竟已进入日常会话和写作的主流之中。随便翻开一张英美的报纸,或瞧一下五花八门的宣传广告,就会发现——
      supervisor(工头,领班)替代了原来的foreman, workman's compensation(工人赔偿金)变成了worker's compensation; sales rep, sales associate或seller(推销员)取代了常用词salesman等。为此,笔者将有关资料整理如下,供英语学习者参考。请注意,所选用的例句,除个别注明外,均选自rosalie maggio编写的the nonselist word finder: a dictionary of gender-free usage (maggio, 1989)。
 
      1.尽量不用通性代词he,除了明确地指代一个男性人物时,都要设法避免使用之。可以根据语境需要,选用下列替换方式:
      1)采用复数形式
      sexist: when bathing a baby, never leave him unattended.
      revised: when bathing babies, never leave them unattended.
      给婴儿洗澡时,一定不能让他们无人照料。
      2)用we/us/our改写原句
      sexist: from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.
      revised: from each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according
                       to our needs.
      各尽所能,按需分配。
      3)改用第二人称
      sexist: no man knows his true character until he has run out of gas,
                 purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.
      revised: you don't know what your true character is until you have run out of
                 gas, purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an
                 adolescent.
      只有当汽车大的油用光了,按分规付款方式购物和抚养大一个孩子时,人的本来品性才会显露
      出来。
      4)改用被动语态
      sexist: one who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both.
      revised: one who, when given the choice of two evils, chooses both.
      一个在两种恶行之中要作出选择就两者都选的人。
       5)完全省略代词
      sexist: what a person thinks of after he becomes a departee?
      revised: what a person thinks of after becoming a departee?
      一个人离去后,会作何感想呢?
       6)用冠词替代
      sexist: can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to
                    make one?
      revised: can a critic give an opinion of...?
      评论家议论煎蛋时难道到非要他去自己煎鸡蛋吗?
       7)用someone, one, the one, no one等替代
      sexist: he who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it.
      revised: someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one
                       who can give it.
      接受忠告者有时胜过发出忠告者。
       8)使用he and she或his and her,但使用的次数不宜太多。
       s/he仅可用于备忘录(memos), 便条(notes), 或者非正式的交谈之中。
       9)用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替换
      sexist: to find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two.
      revised: to find a friend, one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two.
      想找朋友;就得睁一只眼,闭一只眼;想留住朋友,就得双眼都闭上。
 
      2.尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词,即无性别之分的词(gender-free words),例如: child, teacher, officer(警官),people, worker, immigrant(移民),voter(投票者,选民), coach(教练),church member(教友), sale rep(推销员),grand parent(外/祖父或祖母),leader, evening student, employee (雇员),testee(考生,应试者),engineer,customers(顾客), dealer(交易者,商人),clerk(职员,办事员),civilian(平民),scientist, operator(接线员,办事员),patriot(爱国者),person, planner(策划者,计划者), politician(政客), producer(生产者、制造者), tutor(家庭教师,导师,[美国]助教),reporter,writer,chief executive(首席行政长官),everybody, expert等.
 
      3、如非特指男性或女性,尽量用同义词或近义词替换含有-girl, -woman, -wife, -man后缀的词,例如:
      calendar girl(月份牌上的美女像)-calendar model 挂历模特
      call girl(应召女郎)--prostitute妓女
      cover girl(杂志封面女郎)--cover model封面模特
      flag girl(女司旗手)--flag bearer司旗手,执旗员
      flower girl(卖花女)--flower seller卖花人
      housewife(家庭主妇)--house worker(家务工人)
      midwife(接生婆)--birth attendant(助产士)
      showgirl(舞女,歌女)--dancer(伴舞者)
      chairman(主席)--chair, head(主席,头头)
      ring man(赌/赛马者)--bettor; gambler(赌马者,赌博者)
      seaman(海员,水兵)--sailor; navigator; mariner pilot, captain 水手,航海者,船员,领航员,船长 spokesman (发言人) -speaker; representative, voice; press agent 发言人,代表,right-hand man(得力助手) --right hand; deputy; assistant; helper 得力助手,副手,助理,助手
 
      4.写信时,如果不知道收信人的性别,最好不要使用传统的dear sir; dear
gentleman, dear madam. 可以选用下列之一:
      1) dear friends of the library(亲爱的图书馆的朋友们)
      2)dear madams and sirs(亲爱的女士们及先生们)
      3) dear personnel officer(亲爱的人事处长)
      4)dear committee member(亲爱的委员)
      5)dear citizen(亲爱的公民)
      6)dear customer(亲爱的顾客)
      7) dear councilor(亲爱的参议员,或顾问)
      8)dear agent(亲爱的代办)
      9)dear director(亲爱的厂长或局长;主任;)
 
       5.尽量少引用含有通性词man; men的引语,如果非引用不可,下列处理办法可供选择:
      1)不直接引用,把引语进行释义
      sexist: w. phillips said: 'the b

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