toefl 写作整理 首段写法： 首段写法： 1． 背景句： （1）定义法句型：适用于物做主题的句型。 topic, a/an+同位语（表本质）+定语从句，has become/ been popular/ indispensable/ essential/ crucial in people’s daily life(in every corner of people’s life). (has aroused/ attached much attention/ popularity) (2) 背景法：适用于各种句型。 a. it is generally/ commonly/ universally acknowledged that+主题+has become/played an important/ significant/ essential/ indispensable role/ part in every corner of people's daily life. b. nowadays, it is fiercely/ popularly/ commonly/ widely/ universally debated/ disputed/ discussed/ controversial/ debatable/ disputable/+about that+主题。 c .伴随状语：with the considerable dramatic development/ advancement/ progress/ improvement/ promotion of/ in+(科学、教育、经 济、社会、安全)，an increasing/ growing/ rising number/ amount of+ 主 题 +has/ have aroused/ attached public concern. d. 倒 装 句 ： recently/ presently/ currently, there is a popular debate/ argument/ dispute,/ controversy/ discussion about that/whether+ 从句 e.被动句：contemporarily/ in recent years, a great emphasis/ concern/ attention has been placed/ put on/ to+主题。 2. 过渡句：原则：改写题目观点。 方法：1.换词：同义词替代、词性转换。 2.换句型：主被动转换、强调句型、倒装句型。 常用句型：1. there is a perception/ perspective considering that…… 2. some people claim/ suggest/ indicate/ present that……,while others argue/ proclaim/ advocate that…… 3. some people put/ hold that……,while a counter-argument presents that……/while others object to/ reject it. 3. 主题句：表明立场：支持、反对、让步。 pros： （1）i completely/ extremely agree that…… （2）i am convinced that…… （3）i subscribe to the notion that…… （4）i concede to the opinion that…… （5）it is possible for me to accept that…… （6）it is obvious/ conspicuous/ apparent/ prominent/ reasonable that…… （7）there is much evidence to show that…… （8）there is a considerable possibility to support that…… cons： （1）i firmly/ totally disagreed that…… （2）i am unconvinced/ not convinced that…… （3）it’s difficult/ impossible for me to accept that…… （4）it’s unbelievable/ inconceivable/ incredible that…… （5）it’s unjustifiable/ unreasonable to say that…… （6）there is little/ no evidence to show/ support/ that…… （7）there is a slight possibility/ like hood/ probability that…… 让步立场： although……have/ has certain positive effects in……to……， negative （1） the impacts in … … appears more prominent/ influential/ conspicuous. （2） although……have/ has certain positive effects in……to……， negative the impacts in ……can never/ by no means / on no account be ignored/ neglected. （3）although……have/ has certain positive effects in……to……，by no means/ on no account/can the negative impacts in …… be ignored/ neglected. （4） although……have/ has certain positive effects in……to……， negative its impacts in……have/ has/ receive/ arouse the priority. 中间段写法： 中间段写法： 结构：a. main idea.(one sentence only) b. supporting sentences(3~4 sentences) main ideas:支持立场：正+正+正 反对立场：反+反+反 让步立场：正+反+反 main idea 1: it can be noted that…… it is quite normal/usual/possible/common that…… it is not unbelievable/incredible/inconceivable that…… it is undoubted that/undeniable/indisputable that…… it is universally acknowledged that…… it is obvious/apparent/prominent/identifiable/conspicuous that…… main idea 2: meanwhile, there is no doubt that…… (positive) additionally, there is no denying the fact that…… in addition, there is much evidence to show/indicate/support that…… furthermore, there is a considerable possibility/like hood/probability that…… another significant factor to support/highlight……is that…… main idea 3: despite its importance/significance, i tend to concede that…… (negative) on the negative side, we must admit/accept that…… by contrast, it has been agreed / admitted that…… in comparison, we have to recognize the fact that…… however, the strongest argument against……is that…… on the contrary, it can’t be neglected / ignored that…… supporting ideas: explaining 解释法 extending 推理法 exemplifying 举例论证法 contrasting 正反对比论证法 sorting 分类论证法 1. 解释法：即解释中心句的具体含义：what/how/why 常用词：precisely/specifically 更精确的说 that is to say, by this i mean that…… in other words,…… to be more precise,…… here i am referring to the fact that…… 2. 推理法：即假如之上条件成立，会得出什么样的结果 常用词：in this case/sense, if this is the case, indeed/in fact/actually/in actual fact naturally/apparently/obviously/prominently/remarkably/identificably， …… generally/definitely/undoubtedly,…… under the circumstance of…… with the importance/appearance/positive effect/impacts/influences of…… 3. 举例论证法：即用具体的人或事来证明这一理论或观点。 常用词：such as/just like/just as/namely/including/especially/particularly/ peculiarly+短语（n.） for example/instance, take……as an example/illustration+句子 a typical/standard/reasonable/identifiable example of this is that…… 举例不宜情况：不要列举数据，除非表明出处——数据应模糊化。 不要写自己或朋友的生活经历——个人改为整体、 中国式的例子（古代名人、事迹或现象）——个别现象应该为普遍现象。 总结：举例要有概括性，不能太具体。 4. 正反对比论证法：即把中心句分成正反两方面对比论证。 常用词：in comparison, by/i n contrast on the contrary, on the other hand/side on the counter part, however/nevertheless/contrarily 5. 分类法：即将论点按一定标准分类说明。 常用词：首先：initially/on the one hand/first of all/in the first place/to begin with 其 次 ： subsequently/on the other hand/in addition/for another thing/following this 再次：besides/additionally/moreover/furthermore 结论段： 结论段： 原则： 总结主体部分 main ideas: 1.重申立场 2.提出建议或解决办法 3.让步法总结分支观点 4.不要加入新观点 结尾常用连贯词：in conclusion/summary/brief/short/general/a word to conclude/sum up/summarize briefly/consequently/finally/ultimately/overall 重申法句型：1. to sum up, from what has been discussed/analyzed above, we may safely draw(reach/come to/arrive at), the conclusion that…… in summary, taking into account all these factors,…… consequently, judging from all evidence offered,…… 2. in brief, all the evidence (analyze) supports (justifies/confirms/warrants/points to) an unshakable/unmistakable conclusion that…… 建议法句型：1. it is high time that……placed(put/attached) great(special/considerable) emphasis on the improvement(development/advancement/increase/promotion/progress) of……（主题） 2. there is little doubt (no denying the fact) that serious (special/adequate/immediate/further) attention/concern must be called(paid/devoted) to doing…… 让步法句型：1.indeed, a is superior to b in ……，but a pales as compared with b in …… 2.despite/in spite of the fact that a has made a great difference/contribution to…… （has given variety/rise/a push to……） it means/sounds nothing when compared ， with b in some aspects. 3.although……has some/certain positive effects in……，its negative impacts appear more prominent in…… 格式：顶格写；段落之间空一行。

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